チベット牧畜文化辞典

Categories

• Seasonal dwelling site and pasture

  • Seasonal dwelling

    • Types of seasonal dwelling

    • Construction of seasonal dwellings

    • Water place

  • Movement of dwellings

  • Pasture

    • Types of pasture

    • Pasture management

  • Grassland

    • Exposure of grassland to sunlight

    • Condition of grassland

    • Evaluation of grassland

• Landscape, weather, and astronomical phenomena

  • Landscape

  • Mountain and valley

    • Mountain types

    • Mountain parts

    • Mountain range

    • Hill

    • Cliff

    • Rocky area

    • Valley

    • Upper and lower parts of a valley

    • Basin

    • Slope

    • Mountain pass

    • Uphill

    • Downhill

  • Grassland

  • Rivers and lakes

    • Variety of rivers

    • Mountain stream

    • Parts of river

    • Marshes and lakes

    • Ice

  • Forests, plains, and roads

    • Forests and woodlands

    • Plains and sandy places

    • Roads and trails

  • Earth and stones

  • Weather

    • General expressions for weather events

    • Temperature

    • Clouds

    • Rain

    • Snow

    • Hail

    • Thunder and lightning

    • Wind

    • Frost and dew

    • Fog

    • Weather conditions

  • Disaster

  • Celestial bodies

    • The sun

    • The moon

    • Stars

    • Eclipse

• Plants and animals

  • Plants and fungi

  • Plant growth

  • Parts of a plant

  • Trees and shrubs (woody plants)

    • Trees and shrubs (woody plants)

    • Juniper

    • Fruit trees and shrubs

    • Trees and shrubs used for firewood

    • Tree for making amulets and rosaries

    • Trees used in construction and tools

    • Other trees and shrubs

  • Grasses and herbs (herbaceous plants)

    • Grasses and herbs (herbaceous plants)

    • Grass for livestock

    • Sweet herbs

    • Potentilla root, troma

    • Types of berry

    • Plants used in incense offerings

    • Plants used as tools

    • Other plants (possibly of medicinal use)

    • Toxic plants

  • Moss

  • Cultivated plants

  • Fungi

    • Edible mushroom

    • Caterpillar fungus

    • Other mushrooms

  • Animals

  • Wild herbivore animals

    • Wild herbivore animals

    • Wild yak

    • Himalayan marmot

    • Other wild herbivore animals

  • Wild carnivores

    • Wild carnivores

    • Wolves

    • Other wild carnivores

    • Parts of carnivores

  • Birds

    • General terms for birds

    • Raptors

    • Other birds

    • Parts of birds

  • Insects

    • Insects

    • Types of insect

  • Other living creatures

• Expressions for livestock

  • General terms for livestock

    • General terms for livestock

    • Age expression for livestock

  • General terms for Bos

  • Yak

    • General terms for yak

    • Terms for each growth stage of individuals

    • Other terms for infant individuals

    • Other terms for mature individuals

    • Herd terms

    • Terms by use

    • Poetic terms

  • Cattle

  • Sheep

    • General terms

    • Terms for each growth stage of individuals

    • Other terms for infants

    • Other terms for matured individuals

    • Terms by use

    • Herd terms

    • Poetic terms

    • Terms by breed

    • Terms by seasons

  • Goat

    • General terms

    • Terms for each growth stage of individuals

    • Other terms for mature individuals

    • Poetic terms

  • Horse

    • General terms

    • Terms for each growth stage of individuals

    • Other terms for mature individuals

    • Terms by use

    • Herd terms

    • Poetic terms

    • Terms by pedigree

    • Terms by gait

    • Terms by breed

    • Other terms for horses

  • Donkey

  • Crossbreed between a stud bull and a female yak

    • Crossbreed of a stud bull and a female yak (F1)

    • Crossbreed of a stud yak and a female dzo (F2)

    • Crossbreed of a stud bull and a female dzo (F2)

    • Crossbreed of a male dzo and a female dzo (F2)

    • Crossbreed between a stud yak and a crossbreed of a stud yak and a female dzo

    • Poetic terms

  • Crossbreed between a stud goat and a female sheep

  • Crossbreed between a breeding donkey and a mare (mule)

    • Crossbreed between a breeding donkey and a mare (mule)

    • Crossbreed between a male mule and a female mule

    • Poetic terms

  • Crosbreed between wild species and livestock species

  • Dog

    • General terms

    • Terms for each growth stage

    • Terms for mature individuals

    • Terms by use

    • Terms by breed

    • Others terms for dogs

• Herding operations

  • Herding

    • Herding

    • Short-term herding

  • Herders

    • Herders

    • Labors of herding

    • Bringing livestock back

  • Tools for herding

    • Tools for herding

    • Sling

  • Troubles during herding

    • Troubles during herding

    • Damage by animals and insects

    • Severe frost and snow

  • Technique of mother–child separation

  • Herds

  • Behavior of livestock

    • Behavior of livestock

    • Crying of livestock

• Individual livestock management

  • Livestock body parts

    • Livestock body parts

    • Horns

    • Limbs and hoofs

    • Hair, beard, and mane

    • Teeth

  • Pedigree of livestock

  • Livestock health

    • General health of livestock

    • Livestock tooth conditions

    • Symptoms of livestock

    • Livestock diseases

    • Diseased yak

    • Treatment of livestock

    • Feeding salt to livestock

  • Grouping of livestock

    • Patterns in the top surface of teeth

    • Conditions of livestock horns

  • Characteristics of livestock (yaks)

    • Expressions for yak appearance (coat colors)

    • Expressions for yak appearance (horn)

    • Expressions for yak appearance (combination)

    • Body size of yaks

    • Yak characteristics.

  • Characteristics of livestock (sheep and goats)

    • Expressions for sheep and goat appearance (coat colors)

    • Expressions for sheep and goat appearance (horns)

    • Expressions for sheep and goat appearance (combinations of coat color and horns)

    • Expressions for sheep and goat appearance (others)

    • Sheep and goat characteristics

  • Characteristics of livestock (horses)

    • Expressions for horse appearance (coat color)

    • Expressions for horse appearance (combinations of coat color and other features)

    • Expressions for horse appearance (combinations of age and coat color)

    • Expressions for horse appearance (mane, tail, hair whorl)

    • orse characteristics.

  • Livestock administration

    • Roll call for livestock

    • Marks for livestock

    • Earmarks for sheep

    • Tethering area

    • Tethering of yaks

    • Tethering of horses

    • Feeding

    • Dog management

  • Livestock corpses

• Mating, delivery, and castration

  • Breeding

  • Being in heat and mating

    • Being in heat

    • Mating

    • Techniques to prevent mating

  • Giving birth

    • Pregnancy and giving birth

    • Miscarriage and stillbirth

    • Body parts and processes of giving birth

    • Livestock individuals relating to pregnancy and giving birth

  • Castration

    • Types of castration

    • Castrated males

    • Parts of castration

    • Tools for castration

• Milking and milk processing

  • Milking

    • Female yak for milking

    • Udder

    • Inducing milk letdown

    • Process of inducing lactogenesis

    • Tools used for milking

    • Adoption for suckling

  • Milk and raw milk

    • Milk and raw milk

    • Terms for milk from each livestock

    • Raw milk and the first milk

    • Warming milk

    • Decomposition of milk

    • Milk sifter

  • Cream

  • Yoghurt

    • Yoghurt

    • Types of yoghurt

    • Making yoghurt

  • Butter

    • Butter

    • Types of butter

    • Making butter

    • Butter oil

  • Buttermilk

    • Terms for buttermilk

  • Skimmed milk

  • Cheese

    • Cheese

    • Fresh cheese

    • Dried cheese

    • Compressed cheese

    • Other terms for cheese

    • Making cheese

    • Preserving cheese

  • Whey

    • Whey

    • Cheese made from whey

• Slaughtering and butchering

  • Slaughtering

    • Slaughtering

    • Individual to be slaughtered

    • Tools for slaughtering

    • Process of slaughtering

    • Varieties of meat

  • Dividing meat into parts

    • Process of dividing meat

    • Inedible parts of meat

  • Storage

• Meat processing and body parts

  • Meat

    • Meat

    • Dried meat

  • Internal organs

    • General terms for internal organs

    • Head

    • Parts around the heart

    • Parts around the stomach

    • Small intestine

    • Large intestine

    • Genitals and urinary organs

    • Tendons and ligaments

    • Blood vessels and blood

    • Fat

  • Bones and marrow

  • Terms for meat and bone parts

    • Upper and lower halves of the body

    • Head

    • Parts around the neck

    • From the thoracic vertebrae to the shoulder blade

    • Parts around the ribs

    • Parts around the breast

    • Parts around the lumbar

    • Parts around the last rib and lower abdomen

    • Parts around the sacrum to caudal vertebra area

    • Parts of forelegs

    • Parts of hindlegs

• Animal dung

  • Yak dung

    • Various terms for wet dung

    • Terms for dry dung

    • Collecting and processing dung

    • Preservation of dung fuel

    • Uses of dung other than for fuel

  • Droppings of sheep and goat

  • Horse dung

  • Dog feces

  • Urine

• Hair and skin

  • Hair

    • Coarse hair of yak and goat

    • Downy undercoat of yak and goat

    • Wool

    • Hair-preserving bags

  • Shearing

  • Thread spinning

    • Thread spinning

    • Spindle

  • Rope

  • Textiles

  • Loom and weaving

    • Loom and weaving

    • Posts to support a loom

    • Poles to support a loom

    • Heddle

    • Barrel, shuttle, and bar

    • Warp and weft

  • Felt-making

  • Skin

    • Types of skin

    • Sheepskin

    • Goat skin

    • Skin of horse and mule

    • Yak skin and dzo skin

    • Skin of wild animals

  • Tanning

    • Structure of skin

    • Tanning (without depilating, in the case of sheepskin)

    • Tanning (with depilating, in the case of yak skin)

    • Greasing

    • Tools and materials for tanning

    • Tanned skin

    • Rope made of yak skin

• Use of draft animals

  • Draft animals

    • Draft animals for riding

    • Draft animals for load-carrying

    • Taming

    • Terms for riding

    • Terms for loading

  • Equipment for using yaks as draft animals

    • Saddles

    • Nose ring

    • Whip

    • Loads

  • Horse tack

    • Full set of horse tack

    • Saddle and accessories

    • Bridles

    • Martingales and cruppers

    • Whips

• Food culture

  • General terms for food and drink

  • Daily meals

    • Daily meals

    • Portable food

  • Foodstuffs

    • Milk and dairy products

    • Meat

    • Internal organs

    • Blood

    • Fat, suet, and meat juices

    • Grains

    • Toma (Silverweed)

    • Vegetables, edible wild plants, and mushrooms

    • Fruits and nuts

    • Seasoning

    • Oil

  • Cooking and processing

    • Cooking and processing

    • Making tsampa

    • Cooking meat and sausages

    • Cooking flour

    • Using butter

    • Unit of cooking

  • Serving

  • Eating and drinking

    • Eating and drinking

    • Unit of eating and drinking

  • Food and dishes

    • Tsampa and roasted grains

    • Noodles

    • Bread and deep-fried dough buns

    • Food and dishes made from milk products

    • Dishes prepared with meat and internal organs

    • Steamed buns and boiled dumplings

    • Soup

    • Rice dishes

    • Dishes including troma

    • Sticky-textured food

    • Butter cake shin

    • Butter cake thul

  • Drink/beverage

    • Tea

    • Alcohol

    • Water

  • Taste

  • Smell

  • Warmth

  • Food going rotten and food waste

  • Modern foods

• Clothing culture

  • Robes and clothes

    • Robes and clothes

    • Parts of robes and clothes

    • Wearing and removing of clothes

  • Sheepskin robes

    • Sheepskin robes

    • Parts of a sheepskin robe

    • Varieties of sheepskin robes

  • Lambskin robes

    • Lambskin robes

    • Varieties of lambskin robes

    • Parts of a lambskin robe

  • Best clothes

  • Felt garment

  • Garments for a clergyperson

  • Other clothes, things to wear

  • Tailor

  • Shoes

    • Shoes

    • Parts of shoes

    • Wearing and removing shoes

    • Making shoes and its tools

  • Personal ornaments

    • Personal ornaments

    • Jewels

    • Ornamental belts

  • Hairstyles

    • Hairstyles

    • Hair braid (for women)

    • Hair braid (for lay tantric practitioners)

    • Hair accessories

    • Haircuts and hairdressing

• Dwelling culture

  • Home

  • Tents

    • Tents

    • Internal space of tents

    • Outside of tents

    • Fabric parts of tents

    • Poles for tents

    • Ridgepoles

    • Stakes and hooks

    • Ropes and strings

    • Row of sacks piled up to make a tent wall

    • Gods that reside in tents

    • Activities relating to tents

    • Home problems

    • Moving

  • Houses

    • Houses

    • Interior and exterior of a house

    • Building a house

  • Stoves

    • Stoves

    • Structure of a stove

    • Making fire

    • Tools for stoves

    • Making a stove

    • Simple fireplaces

  • Furniture

  • Carpets

  • Bedding

  • Locks

• Daily activities and equipment

  • Daily work

    • Daily work

    • Work skills

  • Equipment

  • Cooking equipment

    • Pots and kettles

    • Ladles and strainers

    • Kitchen knives

    • Sieves

    • Equipment for roasting grains

    • Millstones

    • Other cooking equipment

  • Eating utensils

  • Containers and bags for storage

  • Nursery items

  • Cleaning

    • Cleaning

    • Cleaning tools

  • Sewing

    • Sewing

    • Sewing equipment

  • Tools and equipment

    • Tools and equipment

    • Knives and scissors

  • Tools for transportation

  • Paint

  • Personal maintenance and makeup

  • Bags

    • Bags

    • Leather bags

    • Bags made from rumen

    • Bags made from woven textile

    • Other bags

  • Boxes

  • Ropes and strings

    • Ropes and strings

    • Tying knots

  • Poles, stakes, and sticks

  • Moving equipment

  • Other equipment

  • Fabrics

    • Fabrics

    • Brocade

    • Wool fabrics

    • Plain fabrics

    • Synthetic textiles

    • Felt

  • Metal

  • Direction

  • Positional relation

  • Shape

  • Hunting and battle

    • Hunting

    • Hunters and hounds

    • Traps

    • Arms

    • Flags

    • War cry

  • Travel and transfer

  • Lots

  • Smoking

    • Tobacco

    • Tobacco pipes

  • Life cycle

    • Life cycle

    • Childbirth

    • Aging

    • Disease

    • Death

  • Human body parts

    • Head

    • Face

    • Eyes

    • Nose

    • Ears

    • Mouth and teeth

    • Neck and throat

    • Hands and legs

    • Shoulders

    • Breast and belly

    • Back and waist

    • Internal organs

    • Buttocks

    • Genitals

  • Excreta

  • Distribution

  • Abstract concepts

  • Voice, language, and sign

  • Verbs

    • Verbs

    • Adjectival verbs

  • Adjectival nouns

    • Adjectival nouns

    • Adjectival nouns for colors

• Calendar, scales, and measures

  • Calendar

    • Varieties of calendar

    • Expression of a year

    • Expression of a month

    • Expression of a week

    • Expressions of a day

  • Seasons

  • Time and time of day

    • Time and time length

    • Time of day

  • Scales and measures

    • Quantity

    • Length

    • Amount

    • Weight

    • Distance

    • Height

    • Other amounts

• Human relationships

  • Family, relatives, and social community

    • Family and household

    • Relatives

    • Groups of responsible people among relatives

    • Neighborhood

    • Clan

    • Pastoral household

    • Village

    • Group

  • Kinship terms

    • Kinship terms used both for paternal and maternal relatives

    • Paternal kinship terms

    • Maternal kinship terms

    • Terms for seniority and juniority

  • Name

  • Occupations and roles

    • Occupations

    • Performing arts

    • Heads of organizations

    • Unmarried people and married people

    • Deviant people

  • Other attributes

    • Ethnic groups

    • Religion

    • Farming and pastoralism

    • Monks and lay people

  • Personality

  • Human relationships

    • Companionship

    • Love relationship

    • Reservation

    • Shame and humiliation

    • Disputes

• Economic activities

  • Job and business

  • Money

  • Sale and purchase

    • Sale and purchase

    • Sale and purchase of livestock

  • Shopping

  • Depositing, borrowing, and lending

  • Tax

• Ceremonial events

  • Birth

  • Initiation ceremony (haircutting ceremony)

  • Marriage

    • Marriage

    • Betrothal

    • Bridal couple and their families

    • Bridal dress

    • Escorting the bride and bridegroom

    • Wedding ceremony and party

    • Bridal gifts

    • Divorce

  • Funeral

    • Dying moments

    • Dead person

    • Dead body

    • Deathbed rituals

    • Memorial service

    • Sky burial

    • Remains and ashes

    • Water and earth burial

    • Death of practitioners and monks and their funerals

    • Mourning

    • Reincarnation

  • New Year

    • Great purification ritual

    • New Year’s direction of the sexagenary cycle

    • New Year’s celebration

    • Memorial service during a New Year

    • Foods for the New Year’s celebration

    • Children’s game played on New Year

  • Gifts

• Recreation

  • Festival

  • Horse racing

    • Horse racing

    • Horse gait

    • Horse tail decorations and chignons

  • Chatting, jokes, and riddles

  • Story-telling, proverbs, and speech

  • Songs and dance

  • Play and pleasure

  • Gambling

• Religious ideology

  • Religion and Dharma

  • Gods and spirits

  • Gods and deities

    • Gods and deities

    • Local deities

    • Buddhist deities

  • Spirits

    • Demons that harms people

    • Demons that cause lost property and trouble

    • Demons that cause unexpected death

    • Demons that cause misfortune

  • Soul

  • Luck

  • Defilement

  • Taboo

  • Purification

  • Omens

  • General Buddhist concepts

• Religious acts

  • Conversion

  • Good deeds

  • Prayer

  • Buddhist service, chanting, and mantras

  • Blessing

  • Spells and magic rituals

    • Spells and magic rituals

    • Rituals for controlling the weather

  • Rituals and religious ceremonies

  • Sparing a life

    • Sparing a life

    • Life-sparing cords/cloths

  • Buddhist service

  • Ritual burning

  • Offerings and religious rituals after death

  • Offerings and donations

  • Incense offering

    • Incense offering

    • Incense offering to mountain deities

    • Incense offering for water gods

    • Incense to feed hungry ghosts

    • Red incense offering

    • Incense offering for purification

    • Large-scale incense offering

  • Purification

  • Purification ritual

  • Atonement and confession

  • Prostration

  • Annual events

  • Mask dance and musical play

  • Oath

  • Meditation and fasting

  • Pilgrimage

  • Divination

  • Others

• Religious existence

  • Monks

  • Lay tantric practitioners

  • People in folk religion

  • People concerned with religious rituals

  • Livestock as offerings

    • Livestock whose life is spared

    • Livestock offered to the protective deities

    • Livestock offered to the protective deity Mahakala

    • Livestock offered to the mountain deities

    • Livestock offered to a monastery

  • Sacred birds

• Items for rituals and magic rites

  • Ritual items

  • Statues and images

  • Amulets

  • Rosaries

  • Sutras, Mani stones, and prayer wheels

  • Ritual offerings made from tsampa and butter (torma)

  • Offerings

    • Typical offerings

    • Water for purification

    • Incense offerings

    • Offerings to the feeding rites for hungry ghosts

    • Sacrificial offerings

    • Burial offerings

    • Offerings at a Buddhist memorial service

    • Leftovers from the offerings

  • First offering

  • Auspicious knots

  • Prayer flags

  • Mandala

  • Ritual items for magic rites

• Religious sites and buildings

  • Sacred sites

  • Dwelling place for a mountain deity

  • Dwelling places for a water god

  • Dwelling places for a soul

  • Monastery

  • Gathering sites for laypeople

  • Altars and small shrines

  • Mounds

• New policies, technologies, and tools

  • New policies and civil movements

    • Privatization of pastureland

    • Policies relating to ecological migration

    • Administrative division

    • Environmental activities

  • New techniques

    • Telecommunications

    • Electricity

  • New tools and facilities

    • Tools and facilities relating to pastoralism

    • Vehicles

    • Varieties of tools and materials

    • Facilities

  • Traditional society